The attempt to arrive at an intellectual systematization of
the creative process through variations on a geometric theme, thus
developing an objectified language of form no longer dependent on the
artist's individual style, is also manifested in
Max Bill's extensive graphic cycles. One early and exceptional example is
the cycle of lithographs called 15 variations sur un meme theme
(1938), displayed in a client room in Zurich, where Bill's variations on
the fundamental mathematical problem of the spiral turn into a
kaleidoscope of artistic inspiration. Max Bill's programmatic text
"Concrete Design", from 1936, not only laid theoretical foundations for
this approach to design, it also provided the name for the
"Zurich School of the Concrete", which played a key role in the
development of Swiss postwar art.

Gottfried Honegger: Kreisbogen und Winkel 1-2-3-4, 1991,
Deutsche Bank Collection, © Gottfried Honegger
The abstract principles of this "Concrete Art", guiding the serial variations
of color and formal progressions, had widespread influence in postwar
Zurich, as in the works of
Gottfried Honegger (*1917 Zurich). But even as late as the 1990s
Zurich-based
Markus Weggenmann (*1953 Singen, Germany) seems to be reacting to the
legacy of "concrete art" with his colorful "stripe paintings". His
restless, jarringly bright stripes of color, with their strikingly
irregular edges, substitute unconventional coloration for rigorous
variations on a mathematical rule.

Markus Weggenmann: Tribute to the Stripes, 1996,
Deutsche Bank Collection, © Courtesy Galerie Mark Müller, Zürich/Markus
Wegenmann
Another reaction against the
flawless smoothness of the "Concrete" is seen in works on paper which,
beginning in the 1960s, have increasingly thematized the artist's own
personal state of mind. Good examples are works by
Jean Tinguely (1925 Freiburg i. Ue. - 1991 Bern) and
Markus Raetz (*1941 Büren a. d. Aare) which detachedly ironize or even
parody the art world, or the playful, impudent drawings and watercolors by
Andre Thomkins (1930 Lucerne - 1985 Berlin). Taken as a whole, Thomkin's
works illustrate the path taken by an exponent of this "artistic-anarchic"
movement who operates with
verbal and visual humor. Thomkins described himself as a "Retroworter"
(retroworder); his palindrome word sequences, which can be read both
forwards and backwards (
more), take a playful approach to the fine line between sense and nonsense
in our language system. With his predilection for wordplay, Thomkins even
invented word machines, as in wortflechten (wordbraids, 1965),
which gave visual form to Thomkin's letter-juggling process of creative
questing for ever-new combinations.
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Markus Weggenmann: Tribute to the
Stripes, 1996, Sammlung
Deutsche Bank, © Courtesy Galerie Mark Müller, Zürich/Markus Wegenmann
In recent years it has become difficult to see much in the way of unique
national features in the Swiss art scene. On the contrary, the
discernible dominance of a specific tendency in the homeland of concord
and conciliation would immediately provoke mistrust. In Switzerland, a
phenomenon like the
Young British Artists – a homogeneous grouping that aimed for shock
effect and almost exclusively shaped the image of British art in the
nineties – would soon be reproached for its one-sidedness. Contemporary
Swiss art is positioned in an international context rather a Swiss
perspective, as shown by a brief glance at the grant catalogue for Swiss
artists: every year the cities of Bern and Zurich provide two artists
with studios that are located not in Geneva or elsewhere in francophone
Romandie, and not in Lugano either, but in the artistic melting pot of
New York. The city of Lucerne maintains an artists' studio in Chicago,
the city of Zug has one in Berlin, and the Art Board of the canton of
Aargau sends its scholarship recipients to Paris. The Zug machine
construction firm
Landis & Gyr offers Swiss creative artists five residences and studios
in London, while the Swiss cultural foundation
Pro Helvetia even offers three temporary studios in Cairo, among other
places.

Andre Thomkins: backboard - bockbart, 1973,
Deutsche Bank Collection, © VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2003
One artist who has always seen himself as operating in the charged atmosphere
of transborder exchange is
Balthasar Burkhard (*1944 Bern), who now lives in France. The Bern artist
works primarily in the medium of photography, but the lobby of the
Deutsche Bank's Zurich headquarters showcases not only large-format
black and white photographs, but also one of Burkhard's few
installations. Burkhard completed the work, entitled Durchleuchtung
(X-Ray) in 1994, as the winner of a competition for art in the public arena
announced by the Deutsche Bank when it moved into its present building.
It consists of ten ceiling-high, translucent frosted glass panels
mounted behind the glass façade of the lobby that opens onto Zurich's
busy Bahnhofquai. Like x-ray images, they are lined up in rank and file,
with the flood of daylight revealing monumental whorls and spirals
etched into the frosted glass. The lightbox on which x-rays – or
photographic negatives – are usually viewed is replaced by a natural
light-space: groups of passersby hurry past the window front on the
sidewalk and inscribe themselves into Burkhard's "x-rays", if only for a
brief moment, as spectral as the fossils.
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