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The attempt to arrive at an intellectual systematization of the creative process through variations on a geometric theme, thus developing an objectified language of form no longer dependent on the artist's individual style, is also manifested in Max Bill's extensive graphic cycles. One early and exceptional example is the cycle of lithographs called 15 variations sur un meme theme (1938), displayed in a client room in Zurich, where Bill's variations on the fundamental mathematical problem of the spiral turn into a kaleidoscope of artistic inspiration. Max Bill's programmatic text "Concrete Design", from 1936, not only laid theoretical foundations for this approach to design, it also provided the name for the "Zurich School of the Concrete", which played a key role in the development of Swiss postwar art.


Gottfried Honegger: Kreisbogen und Winkel 1-2-3-4, 1991,
Deutsche Bank Collection, © Gottfried Honegger

The abstract principles of this "Concrete Art", guiding the serial variations of color and formal progressions, had widespread influence in postwar Zurich, as in the works of Gottfried Honegger (*1917 Zurich). But even as late as the 1990s Zurich-based Markus Weggenmann (*1953 Singen, Germany) seems to be reacting to the legacy of "concrete art" with his colorful "stripe paintings". His restless, jarringly bright stripes of color, with their strikingly irregular edges, substitute unconventional coloration for rigorous variations on a mathematical rule.


Markus Weggenmann: Tribute to the Stripes, 1996,
Deutsche Bank Collection, © Courtesy Galerie Mark Müller, Zürich/Markus Wegenmann

Another reaction against the flawless smoothness of the "Concrete" is seen in works on paper which, beginning in the 1960s, have increasingly thematized the artist's own personal state of mind. Good examples are works by Jean Tinguely (1925 Freiburg i. Ue. - 1991 Bern) and Markus Raetz (*1941 Büren a. d. Aare) which detachedly ironize or even parody the art world, or the playful, impudent drawings and watercolors by Andre Thomkins (1930 Lucerne - 1985 Berlin). Taken as a whole, Thomkin's works illustrate the path taken by an exponent of this "artistic-anarchic" movement who operates with verbal and visual humor. Thomkins described himself as a "Retroworter" (retroworder); his palindrome word sequences, which can be read both forwards and backwards ( more), take a playful approach to the fine line between sense and nonsense in our language system. With his predilection for wordplay, Thomkins even invented word machines, as in wortflechten (wordbraids, 1965), which gave visual form to Thomkin's letter-juggling process of creative questing for ever-new combinations.


Markus Weggenmann: Tribute to the Stripes, 1996,
Sammlung Deutsche Bank, © Courtesy Galerie Mark Müller, Zürich/Markus Wegenmann

In recent years it has become difficult to see much in the way of unique national features in the Swiss art scene. On the contrary, the discernible dominance of a specific tendency in the homeland of concord and conciliation would immediately provoke mistrust. In Switzerland, a phenomenon like the Young British Artists – a homogeneous grouping that aimed for shock effect and almost exclusively shaped the image of British art in the nineties – would soon be reproached for its one-sidedness. Contemporary Swiss art is positioned in an international context rather a Swiss perspective, as shown by a brief glance at the grant catalogue for Swiss artists: every year the cities of Bern and Zurich provide two artists with studios that are located not in Geneva or elsewhere in francophone Romandie, and not in Lugano either, but in the artistic melting pot of New York. The city of Lucerne maintains an artists' studio in Chicago, the city of Zug has one in Berlin, and the Art Board of the canton of Aargau sends its scholarship recipients to Paris. The Zug machine construction firm Landis & Gyr offers Swiss creative artists five residences and studios in London, while the Swiss cultural foundation Pro Helvetia even offers three temporary studios in Cairo, among other places.


Andre Thomkins: backboard - bockbart, 1973,
Deutsche Bank Collection, © VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2003

One artist who has always seen himself as operating in the charged atmosphere of transborder exchange is Balthasar Burkhard (*1944 Bern), who now lives in France. The Bern artist works primarily in the medium of photography, but the lobby of the Deutsche Bank's Zurich headquarters showcases not only large-format black and white photographs, but also one of Burkhard's few installations. Burkhard completed the work, entitled Durchleuchtung (X-Ray) in 1994, as the winner of a competition for art in the public arena announced by the Deutsche Bank when it moved into its present building. It consists of ten ceiling-high, translucent frosted glass panels mounted behind the glass façade of the lobby that opens onto Zurich's busy Bahnhofquai. Like x-ray images, they are lined up in rank and file, with the flood of daylight revealing monumental whorls and spirals etched into the frosted glass. The lightbox on which x-rays – or photographic negatives – are usually viewed is replaced by a natural light-space: groups of passersby hurry past the window front on the sidewalk and inscribe themselves into Burkhard's "x-rays", if only for a brief moment, as spectral as the fossils.

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